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On a multi-processor computer, multithreading is implemented with a mixture of time-slicing and genuine concurrency, where different threads run code simultaneously on different CPUs. A thread is said to be preempted when its execution is interrupted due to an external factor such as time-slicing.
A thread is analogous to the operating system process in which your application runs. Just as processes run in parallel on a computer, threads run in parallel within a single process. Processes are fully isolated from each other; threads have just a limited degree of isolation. In particular, threads share heap memory with other threads running in the same application.
This, in part, is why threading is useful: one thread can fetch data in the background, for instance, while another thread can display the data as it arrives. With technologies such as ASP. NET and WCF, you may be unaware that multithreading is even taking place — unless you access shared data perhaps via static fields without appropriate locking , running afoul of thread safety. Threads also come with strings attached.
The biggest is that multithreading can increase complexity. This applies whether or not the interaction is intentional, and can cause long development cycles and an ongoing susceptibility to intermittent and nonreproducible bugs. For this reason, it pays to keep interaction to a minimum, and to stick to simple and proven designs wherever possible.
A good strategy is to encapsulate multithreading logic into reusable classes that can be independently examined and tested. The Framework itself offers many higher-level threading constructs, which we cover later. Multithreading will not always speed up your application — it can even slow it down if used excessively or inappropriately. Calling Start on the thread then sets it running. The thread continues until its method returns, at which point the thread ends.
In this example, thread t executes Go — at much the same time the main thread calls Go. The result is two near-instant hellos. A thread can be created more conveniently by specifying just a method group — and allowing C to infer the ThreadStart delegate:. With this approach, you can pass in any number of arguments to the method. You can even wrap the entire implementation in a multi-statement lambda:. The limitation of ParameterizedThreadStart is that it accepts only one argument.
As we saw, a lambda expression is the most powerful way to pass data to a thread. However, you must be careful about accidentally modifying captured variables after starting the thread, because these variables are shared. For instance, consider the following:. Therefore, each thread calls Console.
Write on a variable whose value may change as it is running! The problem is less about multithreading and more about C 's rules for capturing variables which are somewhat undesirable in the case of for and foreach loops. Variable temp is now local to each loop iteration. We can illustrate the problem in the earlier code more simply with the following example:.
Because both lambda expressions capture the same text variable, t2 is printed twice:. Each thread has a Name property that you can set for the benefit of debugging. The static Thread. CurrentThread property gives you the currently executing thread. By default, threads you create explicitly are foreground threads. Foreground threads keep the application alive for as long as any one of them is running, whereas background threads do not.
Once all foreground threads finish, the application ends, and any background threads still running abruptly terminate. Get the whole book. If this program is called with no arguments, the worker thread assumes foreground status and will wait on the ReadLine statement for the user to press Enter.
Sometimes, when the component is instantiated more than once, we can subscribe to the same event multiple times. The last thing we did was to improve the solution using some of the syntactic sugar that. NET provides for us. Find out how! To download the source code for this article, you can visit our GitHub repository. Previous Code Maze Weekly Next Code Maze Weekly Notify of. Oldest Newest Most Voted. Inline Feedbacks.
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